In Tempe, Arizona, Culdesac is reimagining US cities for people, not cars – and inviting travellers to explore its plazas, paseos and Mediterranean-inspired design.
When Sheryl Murdock walks to her apartment in Culdesac – the US' first modern car-free neighbourhood built from scratch – she feels transported to a Mediterranean island. As she enters the central plaza, which serves as an al fresco communal living room, the blare of traffic fades, replaced by the clink of glasses, the hum of conversation and the thump of a cornhole game. She meanders down narrow pathways between low-slung white buildings crisscrossed with fairy lights, passing pops of colour from cheerful murals and magenta bougainvillea. Although she's in Arizona, Murdock says, "It's like being in Greece."
Architect Daniel Parolek did have the Mediterranean in mind when he designed Culdesac, though he was influenced more by his travels to the hill towns and coastal villages of Italy and France. Travellers and locals love these settings, Parolek says, because "these are places that were built prior to the automobile, so they were designed around accommodating people". Why then, he asks, do people have to vacation to places like these rather than living in them?
The answer is that societies made a Faustian deal with the automobile. As urban planners calibrated the built environment to the needs of cars rather than people, cities spread out into vast systems of traffic-clogged asphalt that disgorge solo commuters into soul-crushingly monotonous suburbs. Car-centric design has contributed to making metropolises more polluted, more socially isolating, less sustainable and hot as hell.
But the collective consciousness is shifting. Research is revealing that walkable cities make people happier, less lonely, more satisfied with life and physically healthier. Movements are afoot around the globe toward sustainable urbanism, slow travel and 15-minute (or less) cities – such as Nordhavn in Copenhagen and superblocks in Barcelona. For travellers, strolling around Culdesac's shops, restaurants and outdoor markets offers a glimpse into a future where cities are once again built for people, not traffic.
Culdesac is an especially bold experiment because of its unlikely location: Tempe, a suburb within greater Phoenix, Arizona. This sprawling metropolitan area is cursed with an inadequate public transportation system, which means residents practically need to own a car to get around. So, when Culdesac's first residents arrived in 2023, many sceptics wondered how a neighbourhood that doesn't permit private vehicles could survive in such a car-dependent place.
The key is to be "car free, but mobility rich", says Parolek. The 17-acre mixed-use neighbourhood comes complete with eateries, shops, a Korean convenience store, a doctor's office, a dog park, a pool, a gym and a coworking space – meaning locals are steps away from many amenities.
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For visitors, the light rail stops right outside, linking the neighbourhood to downtown Phoenix and the airport. Self-driving electric Waymo robotaxis shuttle people further afield, while Archer's Bikes rents e-bikes for exploring Tempe Town Lake or the Desert Botanical Garden.
The prospect of shrinking her carbon footprint by living car-light is what inspired Murdock to move to Culdesac while earning her postdoctoral degree in ocean sustainability at Arizona State University (ASU). The light rail whisks her to work at ASU in 10 minutes and to supermarkets in about the same time. She can pedal her e-bike around Tempe, a designated Gold-Level Bicycle Friendly Community. If she needs to go farther afield, she rents one of Culdesac's handful of shared electric cars for $5 an hour. "Being in Culdesac has taught me that I much prefer the concept of the 15-minute city," she says. "I don't want to have to get in my car to do everything."
Switching from vehicles to public transportation, biking and walking can cut individuals' carbon emissions by 2.2 to 3.6 tonnes annually, according to the United Nations. That means that when Culdesac is fully built in a few years, with around 760 units and 1,000 residents, the community could prevent around 3,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases from entering the atmosphere each year.
How to get there: Take the light rail from the Phoenix airport in 30 minutes, or from downtown Phoenix in about 45 minutes. If you're driving, Culdesac (2025 E Apache Blvd, Tempe) has parking for visitors.
Where to stay: The hip Moxy Hotel Tempe and the funky, artsy FOUND:RE in downtown Phoenix are both located along the light rail line.
What to do: Try your hand at pottery making in Pip Crafts + Clay. Shop for curated pre-loved clothing at Sew Used. Browse garden items and housewares at Maricopa Botanicals.
Where to eat: Cocina Chiwas for creative riffs on cuisine from Chihuahua, Mexico. Its seasonal beer garden, El Jardín Chiwas, feels festive thanks to cornhole, s'mores at the fire pits and trivia Thursdays. Start the day with Navajo-inspired blue corn croissants from
When to go: November through April for milder temperatures.
The neighbourhood was also designed to mitigate heat and curb air-conditioning use. That's essential in a city that last year sweated through 143 days at or above 100F (38C). To make Culdesac cooler, Parolek and his team at Opticos Design took their cue from sun-soaked locales like Italy, Greece and Mexico. They painted the buildings' walls and roofs as white as the towns on Mykonos. White paint reflects the sun much better than Phoenix's typical sand-hued homes, helping reduce the urban heat island effect.
Because no space is needed for driving and parking, the architects could also employ another classic cooling strategy in Mediterranean towns: setting buildings close together. Consequently, Culdesac's structures almost constantly shade each other, as well as the paved or earthen "paseos" (Spanish for walkways) that connect them. These narrow paseos also act like funnels that draw in breezes. Similarly, all apartments have windows on opposite sides, allowing for cross ventilation.
The shade, airflow, desert-friendly landscaping and absence of asphalt create a microclimate. As a result, in 2023, Harvard University researchers determined that the ground surface temperature within Culdesac was 30-40F (17-22C) cooler than the pavements in the surrounding area.
Culdesac also nurtures a lively street life. Around 21 small businesses operate here, including a James Beard-nominated Mexican restaurant, DIY ceramics and candle-making studios, a bike shop, and a sustainable clothing store. Some of the shop owners live in Culdesac, and special zoning rules allow residents to run businesses out of their apartments – a boon for budding entrepreneurs. On market days, live music drifts through the paseos while visitors browse handmade ceramics and snack on Najavo-inspired blue corn croissants from ReddHouse bakery.
"Once you pull the cars out," Parolek says, "there's so much more opportunity to make a vibrant, thriving community."
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Pedestrianisation also fosters frequent encounters among neighbours, business owners and visitors, helping mitigate another malaise partly caused by car-centric living: loneliness. Though Culdesac is technically an apartment complex, "it definitely feels more like a neighbourhood", Murdock says.
And because Culdesac's mission attracts eco-conscious and socially engaged residents, the community naturally bonds over shared values, Murdock says. "It's like finding your people," she adds.
Culdesac's company plans to expand elsewhere in the US, and they've seen growing interest from municipal governments, transit agencies and developers eager to create more walkable and mobility-rich neighbourhoods.
"Culdesac Tempe has shown that people do want to live car-free in the US, even in a metro area like Phoenix that's often seen as the poster child for car dependency," says Erin Boyd, Culdesac's government relations and external affairs lead. "This success has shifted the conversation around what's possible in American development."
For visitors, strolling, cycling and light railing around this unlikely urban laboratory fuels the imagination and shows how time-honoured design and an old-fashioned desire to cultivate community could drive the cities of the future.
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